Guangdong Province is located in the southernmost part of mainland China. It borders Fujian in the east, Jiangxi and Hunan in the north, Guangxi in the west, and the South China Sea in the south. The Pearl River Delta borders Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions on the east and west sides. The Leizhou Peninsula in the southwest faces the Hainan Province across the Qiongzhou Strait. The whole territory is located between 20°13' north latitude and 25°31' north latitude and 109°39' east longitude from 109°39'19' east. It starts from Chiziyu Island in Nanpeng Islands of Nan'ao County in the east, and spans about 800 kilometers from Liangpo Village in Jijia Town, Leizhou City in the west; from Shangao Village in Baishi Township in Lechang City in the north to Denglou Corner in Jiaowei Township in Xuwen County in the south With a span of about 600 kilometers. The Tropic of Cancer runs through Guangdong from South Australia—Conghua—Fengkai. The province's land area is 179,800 square kilometers, accounting for about 1.87% of the country's land area; of which, the island area is 1592.7 square kilometers, accounting for about 0.89% of the province's land area. The province has a total of 759 islands with an area of over 500 square meters along the coast, second only to Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, ranking third in the mainland. There are also 1,631 Ming Jiao and Dried Out Jiao. The province's mainland coastline is 3368.1 kilometers long, ranking first in the mainland. According to the provisions of the "United Nations Convention on the Sea" concerning the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone under the jurisdiction of coastal countries, the total area of the province's sea area is 419,000 square kilometers.
Marine resources
Guangdong has a long coastline, vast sea area and abundant marine resources. Marine living resources include marine animals and plant resources. There are 406 species of phytoplankton, 416 species of zooplankton, 828 species of benthic organisms, and 1297 species of swimming creatures. The annual output of marine aquatic products such as ocean fishing and offshore fishing, marine cage fish farming and coastal farming of oysters and shrimps is nearly 4 million tons; the area available for marine aquaculture is 775,700 hectares, and the actual marine aquaculture area is 194,900 hectares, which is famous on the mainland. A major marine and fishery province. Leizhou Peninsula's cultured seawater pearl production ranks first in the country. The coast also has many excellent port resources. Guangzhou Port, Shenzhen Port, Shantou Port and Zhanjiang Port have become important channels for domestic and foreign transportation and trade; Daya Bay, Dapeng Bay, Jieshi Bay, Bohe Bay and Nan'ao Island also have ports where large deep-water ports can be built. The oil and gas fields outside the Pearl River estuary and the Beibu Gulf have produced many oil wells. The coastal wind energy, tidal energy and wave energy have certain development potential. There are many sandy beaches along the coast of Guangdong, with a warm climate, wide mangrove forests, and a large area. At the southernmost point of the motherland, there is the only continental marginal coral reef in the country, and the potential for tourism resources development is also great.
mineral resources
As of the end of 2007, the province has found a total of 148 types of minerals (including sub-minerals), and a total of 101 identified resource reserves, including 7 energy minerals, 32 metal minerals, 58 non-metallic minerals, and water gas. 4 kinds of minerals. Newly discovered 5 large and medium-sized mines, including 4 non-metal mines and 1 water gas mine.
Water resources
Guangdong has abundant precipitation, developed water systems and abundant water resources. The main river systems are the Xijiang, Dongjiang, Beijiang and Delta water systems of the Pearl River and the Hanjiang water system, followed by the Rongjiang, Lianjiang, Luohe and Huanggang rivers in eastern Guangdong and the Moyang, Jianjiang, Jiuzhou and Nandu rivers in western Guangdong. Alone into the sea river. The average annual rainfall is 1777 mm, the total precipitation in 2006 is 319.4 billion cubic meters; the annual average runoff depth is 1012 mm, and the total river runoff is 181.9 billion cubic meters; plus the neighboring province's passenger water flow into Guangdong from Xijiang and Hanjiang, etc. is 233 billion. Cubic meters, 6 billion cubic meters of deep groundwater, the per capita water resources available for exploitation amount to 4735 cubic meters, higher than the national average. The theoretical reserves of hydraulic resources are 10.728 million kilowatts, and the developed installed capacity is 6.655 million kilowatts. In addition, there are more than 300 hot springs in Guangdong, with a total daily flow of 90,000 tons; 110 drinking mineral waters, with the largest proven reserves in the country. However, Guangdong's water resources are unevenly distributed in time and space, flooding in summer and autumn, and drought in winter and spring. Coastal terraces and low hilly areas are unfavorable for water storage, and water shortages are prominent, especially in the Leizhou Peninsula in western Guangdong. In addition, the middle and lower reaches of many rivers are also polluted by urban sewage, and the threat of water quality shortage is intensified.
In 2007, the total amount of water resources in Guangdong Province was 155.6 billion cubic meters, and the per capita water resources was 1647 cubic meters. The annual average precipitation was 1579 mm, a decrease of 531 mm over the previous year. The total amount of artificial rainfall increased by 1 billion cubic meters throughout the year. At the end of the year, the total storage capacity of large reservoirs in the province was 11.707 billion cubic meters, a decrease of 2.516 billion cubic meters. In 2007, the total water consumption was 46.25 billion cubic meters. Among them, domestic water consumption was 9.57 billion cubic meters, an increase of 4.7%; industrial water consumption was 13.540 billion cubic meters, which was the same as the previous year; agricultural water consumption was 23.14 billion cubic meters, a decrease of 0.4%. The per capita water consumption of the province is 489 cubic meters.
Among the provincial water quality monitoring sections, the proportion of sections meeting Class III standards was 64.9%, an increase of 4.6%; the proportion of sections meeting Class IV standards was 12.6%, which was the same as that in 2006; the proportion of sections meeting Class V standards was 8.1%, a decrease of 6.3 %; the proportion of cross-sections exceeding Class V standards is 14.4%, an increase of 1.8% over 2006. The proportion of the coastal waters that reached the first-class seawater quality standards was 26.9%, an increase of 9.6 percentage points; the proportion of the second-class seawater quality standards reached 53.8%, a decrease of 13.5 percentage points; the proportion of the third-class seawater quality standards reached 7.7%, an increase of 3.8 percentage points; The proportion of the four types of seawater quality standards is 11.5%, which is the same as that in 2006.
land resource
Guangdong is one of the mainland provinces with more people and less land. In 2006, the total land area of the province was 14.9147 million hectares of agricultural land. The actual situation of land use is 2.8825 million hectares of arable land, 967,600 hectares of garden land, 10.1355 million hectares of forest land, 27,200 hectares of pastureland, and 901,800 hectares of other agricultural land. The construction land is 1.752 million hectares, of which 1.4241 million hectares for residential areas and independent industrial and mining land, 117,700 hectares for transportation and 211,000 hectares for water conservancy and hydraulic construction. Unused land is 1.3137 million hectares, of which unused land is 701,900 hectares, and other land is 604,700 hectares.
In 2007, the province's cultivated land area was 2,847,569.11 hectares, a decrease of 43,451.09 hectares, and the net reduction of cultivated land was 34,869.66 hectares that year. Among them, construction occupied 7274.45 hectares of cultivated land, disaster-damaged cultivated land was 614.50 hectares, and agricultural structure adjustment actually occupied 35585.27 hectares. Land consolidation, reclamation and development supplement 8451.43 hectares of cultivated land.
Vegetation and biological resources
Guangdong is rich in light, heat, water resources, evergreen all year round, and has a wide variety of animals and plants. There are 280 families, 1645 genera and 7055 species of wild vascular plants in the province, accounting for 76.9%, 51.7% and 26.0% of the country's total, respectively. There are 633 cultivated plants belonging to 111 families and 361 genera. In addition, there are 1,959 species of fungi; 185 species of edible fungi and 97 species of medicinal fungi. Among the plant species, there are 2 species of cypress and silver fir belonging to the national first-level protection, and 24 species of yew, metasequoia, wild litchi and sightseeing wood that belong to the second- and third-level protection. , Wild longan and see blood sealing throat and other 41 species, as well as 12 species of provincial-protected yew and cedar. Among the vegetation types, there are northern tropical monsoon forests that belong to zonal vegetation, southern subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests, typical sub-tropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, and coastal tropical mangroves, as well as non-latitude zonal evergreens. Deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen needle-broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen coniferous forest, bamboo forest, shrub and grass slope, as well as cultivated vegetation such as rice, sugar cane and tea garden. Banana, litchi, longan and pineapple are the four famous fruits in Lingnan, and their economic value is considerable.
There are many kinds of animals in Guangdong. There are 829 species of terrestrial vertebrates; 124 species of mammals, 510 species of birds, 145 species of reptiles, and 50 species of amphibians, accounting for 30%, 43.4%, 46%, and 25.5% of the country respectively. In addition, there are 281 species of freshwater aquatic animals, 181 species of benthic animals, 256 species of zooplankton, and more insects. Among the animal species, 22 species including the South China Tiger, Clouded Leopard, Bear Monkey and Chinese White Dolphin are listed in the national first-level protection, and the golden cat, sambar, pangolin, mongoose and silver pheasant are listed in the national second-level protection ( 95 species of birds.
Guangdong actively develops and utilizes animal and plant resources, and attaches great importance to the protection of natural resources and the environment. The province has established 310 nature reserves and 369 forest parks. It has also comprehensively greened barren mountains to increase forest coverage and improve the ecological environment.
